Plotting a function

from math import exp,sin
def damped_osc(x):                # calculates the damped                                                         # oscillator function
    return exp(-1/10)*sin(x)
for i in range(500):              # calculate 500 values
    print(i/10,damped_osc(i/10)   # and print them

When running the program, we can redirect the printed data to a file. On the PC, using CPython (python3) this is done as follows:

python3 damped_osc.py > damped_osc.dat.

We can however also run the code on the ESP32 and redirect the output to a file on the PC:

ampy run damped_osc.py > damped_osc.dat

Once we have the data in a file, we call gnuplot:

gnuplot
plot "damped_osc.dat" with lines

Let's try these ExerciseSheets#SecondSession
Thereafter, we will learn how to access hardware in Hardware Access GPIO

Writing your own functions

Imagine you want to create a sin function which takes angles in degrees, instead of radians. Let's call the function sin_deg(degrees). It will take its parameter degrees, convert the value to radians and return the sin result, which was calculated with the sin function from the math library. You can define a function with the keyword def. The function body is again indented, like we saw in case of the conditions or the loops:

from math import sin,radians
def sin_deg(degrees):
   rad = radians(degrees)
   return sin(rad)

We can call this function as follows:

angle = 30              # use 30 degrees as parameter value
result = sin_deg(angle) # calculates the sin of "angle" degrees using our own sin_deg function
print("sin(",angle,") = ",result)

Let's try these ExerciseSheets#SecondSession
Thereafter we will learn how to access hardware in Hardware Access GPIO

from utime import sleep_ms
for i in range(5):
    print("Hello World!")
    sleep_ms(1000)        # note that utime in front of the sleep call has been omitted

In i similar way, you may use the functions of the math library:

In order to calculate sin(30 degrees) you need access to the sin function. The sin function however takes its parameter in radians such that you need the function radians, converting values from degrees to radians, in addition.

This is how you would go about:

from math import sin,radians
print(sin(radians(30)))

Let's try these.

Python modules and timing

Python libraries are arranged as modules, containing a number of functions and/or classes. These modules must be imported before being used. You can either import the complete module, or you can import individual functions or classes to be used.

As an example, let's study the time module. In MicrroPython the module is called utime (for micro-time) and it contains functions allowing us to delay execution for a certain amaount of time.

• sleep(t) sets the program to sleep for t seconds
• sleep_ms(t) sets the program to sleep for t ms

import utime             # import time would work as well
for i in range(5):
    print("Hello World")
    utime.sleep(1)       # delay execution be 1 s, utime.sleep_ms(1000) would do the same. sleep_ms is not available in CPython

The other option is to import just the function to be used:

-- Uli Raich - 2022-10-15

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